摘 要：针对电动客车行驶过程中气动阻力在整车能耗中占比较高的问题，本文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟方法，系统分析顶置空调启停状态、车顶部件布局及导流结构对整车气动性能的影响。通过构建精细化三维仿真模型并进行多工况对比验证，结果表明：顶置空调运行会显著改变车顶流场，使风阻系数增加2.8%；前导流罩与前挡风玻璃采用连续性曲面设计，可有效抑制气流分离；前天窗顶罩与空调前端之间的最优间距为300 mm；后导流罩通过延后气流分离点并与后天窗配合，可降低能量损耗，实现最低整车风阻。本文为空调启动时电动客车低风阻造型设计提供了理论依据与工程实践方案，对提升新能源客车续驶里程具有显著应用价值。
关键词：电动客车；数值模拟；车顶布置；顶置空调启动；空气动力学性能
中图分类号：U461.1 文献标志码：A DOI：10.15917/j.cnki.1006-3331.2026.02.004
A Simulation and Optimization Study on the Effect of Roof Layout on the Aerodynamic Drag of Electric Buses
ZHENG Xinghua,ZHANG Xiangmin,PAN Yanan,JI Xubei,ZHAO Qiang
Abstract: To address the issue that aerodynamic drag accounts for a relatively high proportion of the total energy consumption of electric buses during driving,this paper employs computational fluid dynamics(CFD)numerical simulation methods to systematically analyze the influence of the rooftop air-conditioner activation status,roof component layout,and deflector structures on the vehicle's aerodynamic performance.By constructing a detailed 3D simulation model and conducting comparative verification under multiple operating conditions,the results show that the operation of the rooftop air-conditioner significantly alters the roof flow field,increasing the drag coefficient by 2.8%.A continuous curved surface design between the front deflector and the windshield effectively suppresses airflow separation.The optimal distance between the front sky-light cover and the front end of the air-conditioner is 300 mm.By delaying the airflow separation point and coordinating with the rear skylight,the rear deflector reduces energy loss and achieves the minimum overall vehicle drag.This paper provides a theoretical basis and engineering practice solutions for the low-drag sty-ling design of electric buses during air-conditioner activation,offering significant application value for enhancing the range of new energy buses.
Key words: electric bus; numerical simulation; roof layout; rooftop air-conditioner activation; aerodynamic performance
